Adult Obesity: Key Health Risks and Ways to Reduce Them

Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat raises the risk of serious health problems. A body mass index of 30 or above is commonly used as a screening measure, but health risks also depend on factors such as waist size, lifestyle, sleep, genetics and existing conditions. In adults, obesity is linked to high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, stroke, fatty liver disease, kidney disease, sleep apnoea, joint pain and osteoarthritis. It can also affect fertility and pregnancy, while increasing the risk of some cancers, including breast, colon, kidney, liver and pancreatic cancer. The risks are not simply about weight. Fat tissue can affect hormones, inflammation and insulin response. Stigma, reduced mobility and long-term health challenges may also affect mental wellbeing. Small, steady changes can lower health risks. Regular activity, healthier meals, adequate sleep, stress management and routine checks for blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol can help. Medical support, including counselling, medication or surgery, may be appropriate for some people. The focus should be better health and daily function, not shame or willpower alone.

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